Showing posts with label Unexpected finds. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Unexpected finds. Show all posts

Saturday, May 16, 2020

An Under Handed Duel

The Duel of Sir Guy of Steenvoorde and Sir Herman the Iron


Since I stirred up a hornet's nest, I feel that I should clean my pallet with something more humorous. A trial of combat between Sir Guy of Steenvoorde and Sir Herman the Iron. The following is not suitable for bardic piece at a school demo and probably should not be re-enacted as a Ice Dragon bardic performance.

In the 2nd quarter of the 12th century a Flemish knight by the name of Guy Steenvoorde was accused of being involved in the plot that killed Charles, the the Count of Flanders. The main point of the accusation was that Guy was married to the niece of another conspirator, who had just been killed by being beaten and then strangled with the bowels of a dog. While he, Guy, denied being involved, another knight, who was loyal to the late Count, named Sir Iron Herman, hotly accused Guy of being a murderer. I was unable to discover if Iron was his actual name, but all of accounts describe him as "a strong knight". 

Galbert of Bruges.wrote the following account on that April day in 1127:

"For this reason Iron Herman, a strong knight, had challenged Guy to single combat in the presence of the illegitimate Count of Ypres and immediately after [Provost] Charles had been killed because he had evilly betrayed his lord [Count Charles]. But Guy leapt forward, declaring himself ready to defend himself at any time against the alleged betrayal. And the next day that was assigned to them was the same on which the aforementioned provost suffered the torments of his death.
...
"Guy knocked his adversary from his horse and kept him down easily with his lance as he was struggling to get up. Then his opponent, running nearer, ran Guy’s horse through with his sword, disemboweling it. Sliding from the horse, his sword drawn, Guy attacked his adversary. A continuous and bitter encounter followed with exchanges of sword blows, until, worn out by the weight and burden of their arms, they threw away their shields and hastened to win the fight with their strength in wrestling. Iron Herman fell prostrate to the ground, and Guy threw himself on top of him, pounding the knight’s mouth and eyes with his iron gauntlets. But just as one reads of Antheus, [1] the prostrate man gathered strength bit by bit from the coolness of the ground and slyly made Guy think he was certain of victory while he rested. Meanwhile, having raised his hand very smoothly to the lower edges of the mail coat, where Guy was unprotected, and grabbed him by the testicles, he collected his strength for a single effort and threw him from him, breaking open all the lower parts of his body by this grabbing throw so that the prostrate Guy grew weak and cried out that he was defeated and was going to die.
"Then the Count, who wanted above all to enhance his reputation through this combat, ordered Guy to be hung on the same gallows next to the already dead provost so that they would die partners in torment just as they had been partners in betraying."

The only other account of the duel is recorded by Walter of Théroanne:

"When the judicial duel to determine the case between Guy and his accuser Herman, nicknamed the Iron, began, Guy had the better of the first and second exchanges of blows and fell on Herman and crushed him the the ground under the immense weight of his body and their arms (for Guy, like Herman, was armed with a heavy hauberk and a helmet). Then Herman, strengthened by God’s virtue, got up as if he no longer felt anything weighing on him and, throwing down in turn him who, as was mentioned above, had previously had the upper hand, began to press him to confer the crime he had committed. What more can I say? He was ultimately vanquished by divine judgement and convicted of the crime of which he was accused and thus sentenced to die."

Jeff Rider, a professor of Romance Languages and Literatures and Medieval Studies at Wesleyan University, explains that Galbert of Bruges was not in Ypres to see this duel and was relying on the reports of others to recreate his account.

[1] Antheus was a giant, the son of Poseidon and Gaia. He loved to wrestle and was invincible as long as he remained in contact with the earth (Mom). He was killed by Hercules who held him above his head until Antheus grew weak enough to have the life squeezed out of him.


"Duels History and Purpose " Patrick Luo Final Project Blog 5.- Legio I Lynx Fulminata, 2 Dec. 2018, legioilynx.com/2018/12/02/duels-history-and-purpose-patrick-luo-final-project-blog-5/.

Galbert of Bruges. The Murder, Betrayal, and Slaughter of the Glorious Charles, Count of Flanders. Translated by Jeff Rider. Yale University Press, Nov 26, 2013

Sunday, April 26, 2020

A Complaint Against the Blacksmith

For your evening entertainment:
A Complaint Against the Blacksmith (14th century, Anonymous; British Museum , Arundel MS 292)



Swart [1] smutted [2] smiths, smattered with smoke,
Drive me to death with din of their dints;
Such noise on nights ne heard men never.
What with knaven [3] cry and clattering of knocks!
The crooked caitiffs [4] cryen [5] after coal! coal!
And bloweth their bellows till their brain bursteth.
Huf! Puf! says the one; Haf! Paf! says the other;
They spitten and they sprawlen [6] and they spellen many spells.
They gnawen and gnashen and they groan all together,
And holden them hot with their hard hammers.
Of a bull-hide be their barm-fells; [7]
Their shanks be shackled for the fiery flinders; [8]
Heavy hammers they have that are hard to be handled,
Stark strokes they striken on a steely stock, [9]
Lus! Bus! Las! Das! Snore [10] they by the row,
Such doleful a dream that the devil it to-drive!
The master loungeth a little and catcheth a less,
Twineth them twain and toucheth a treble, [11]
Tik! Tak! Hic! Hac!, Tiket! Taket! Tyk! Tyk!
Lus! Bus! Las! Das!. Such a life they lead

All blacksmiths: Christ give them sorrow!
May no man for brenn waters on night have his rest? [12]

Or, my modern interpretation:

Dark and dirty smiths, darkened with dust,
Drive me to death with din of their dents;
Such nightly noise no man has ever heard.
What with course cries and clattering of knocks!
The crooked cowards crying for coal! Coal!
And bend upon their bellows until their brains burst. 
Huf! Puf! says the one; Haf! Paf! says the other;
They spit and scrawl and speak many spells.
They gnaw and gnash and they groan all together,
And hold them hot with their hard hammers.
Of a full bull-hide be their leather aprons;
Their limbs be enveloped against the searing embers;
Heavy hammers they wield that are hard to handle.
Strong strokes they strike on a steely stock, 
Lus! Bus! Las! Das! Grunt them by the row,
Such a doleful dream that it drives one to the devil.
The master rests little and picks up a small hammer,
Striking them together, the lesser sounds a treble note,
Tik! Tak! Hic! Hac!, Tiket! Taket! Tyk! Tyk!
Lus! Bus! Las! Das!. Such a life they lead
All blacksmiths: Christ give them sorrow!
For the hissing of steaming water may no man have his rest?


[1] Squat and burly.
[2] Smudged.
[3] Lower class.
[4] A contemptible or cowardly person.
[5] Calls
[6] To write, draw, or mark awkwardly, hastily, or carelessly; esp., to write with sprawling, poorly formed letter
[7] Blacksmith's apron.
[8] Small fragments or splinters, most likely used here as slag being hammered out of the metal. The line might describe how the smith's arms are covered, rather than literally shackled.
[9] Anvil
[10] Here meaning snorting or grunting.
[11] Beautiful imagery with these two lines. The master smith rest little and grabs a smaller [hammer], working in tandem with a heavy and light hammer. The lighter hammer making a higher pitch noise as it strikes.
[12] No man may get sleep, because of these ‘brenwateres’, referring to the hissing noise as a smith cools his irons in water.


Gimpel, Jean. Medieval Machine: The Industrial Revolution of the Middle Ages. New York. Penguin Books, 1977.

Salter, Elizabeth. "A Complaint against Blacksmiths," Literature and History 5 (1979): 194-215.

Schrader, Richard J. "The Inharmonious Choristers and Blacksmiths of MS Arundel 292." Studies in Philology, vol. 104 no. 1, 2007, p. 1-12. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/sip.2007.0004.

Thorpe, Deborah. "Heated Words: The Politics and Poetics of Work in 'A Complaint against Blacksmiths,'" Parergon 32 (2015): 77-101.

Image from Arundel 292  f. 72 Detail of marginal pointing finger. Devotional miscellany, including the Creed in English, a bestiary, Apollonius of Tyre (ff. 41-61); Henry of Sawtrey's De purgatio Sancti Patricii (ff. 73-88) http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/ILLUMIN.ASP?Size=mid&IllID=12304




Friday, April 3, 2020

Unexpected Finds

Dance, like you've torn the bandage off.


I went looking for inspiration and found this: Egerton 2781 f. 36  The description is just, "Miniature of a man between a devil and a cross."

Obviously, it's a dance battle and the inspiration for The Guardians of the Galaxy.


Wednesday, March 25, 2020

The Battle Between Sir Carnival and Lady Lent


Hello, my fiends,

I wish to post this in honor of Lent. This is a 14th century allegory about a food fight between Carnival and Lent. This is an actual story from 14th century Spain, I did not make any of this up. This is from Jaun Ruiz's "Book of Good Love" ("El libro de buen amo"), translated by Rigo Mignani and Mario A. DiCesare. (p219-28 of the 1970 edition) which I have recently aquired.

In these troubling times, it is important to keep our spirits up, and to find something to laugh at. And if you ever read that no one in the middle ages had a sense of humor, remember that this was written by the Archpriest of Hita.

Stay safe and wash your hands after reading.


The Battle Between Sir Carnival and Lady Lent


The season sacred to the Lord was drawing near, so I returned to my own place to rest for a while. It was seven days before Lent - that time which caused fear and dread throughout the whole world. I was at home with Sir Thursday the Fat when a messenger ran in, bringing me two letters. Even though it's a long story, I will summarize for you what they contained, because after I had read these letters, I returned them to the messenger.

"From me, Lady Lent, servant of God, whom He has sent to every sinner, to all archpriests and clergy without love-salvation in Jesus Christ until Easter: You should know that I have been informed that, for almost a year, Sir Carnival, in rage and fury, has been going about pillaging my land, wreaking havoc and, what angers me most, shedding much blood. For this reason, I order you most solemnly under obedience and in pain of judgment, to challenge him with my credentials, in my name and in that of Fast and Penance. Make it perfectly clear to him that in seven days I myself and my troops shall come to do battle against him his arrogance. I do not believe that he will remain in the butcher shops. After you have read this letter, return it to the messenger to carry throughout the land without concealing it, so that his people may not say the message was not seen. Given in Castro Urdiales and received in Burgos."

The other letter which the messenger brought had a large shell hanging from it like a seal; it was the seal of the Lady. This is the message she sent to Sir Carnival: "From me, Lady Lent, Justice of the sea, Guardian of the souls that desire to be saved, to you, gluttonous Carnival, who think of nothing by gorging yourself, I send Fast to challenge you in my name. Seven days hence, you and your army shall come to do battle with me in the field. I will fight you without fail, until Holy Saturday, and you will not be able to avoid death or prison."

I read both letters and understood their meaning. I realized that the order was even stricter for me since I had no mistress and I was not in love. My guest and I were both upset. Sir Thursday, my guest, got up happily from my table - for which I am glad - and said: "I am the standard bearer against that wretch, and I will have to joust with her. Every year she makes trial with me."

He thanked me heartily for the fine repast and departed. I wrote my letters and then told Friday, "Go to Sir Carnival tomorrow and inform him of all this so that on Tuesday he will come to the fight forewarned."

When he had received the letters, the proud Sir Carnival bared his teeth, though he was really afraid. He had no desire to answer but he came, anxiously, leading a huge army, for he was a powerful man. On the appointed day he was there, the defiant Sir Carnival, surrounded on all sides with armed men: mighty Alexander himself would have been pleased with such a following. In his vanguard he had ranged excellent foot soldiers: Hens and Partridges, Rabbits and Capons, Ducks domestic and wild, and fat Geese were mustered near the embers. They bore their lances like front-line men, huge skewers of iron and wood. For shields they had platters: at any proper feast, they are the first course. After these shield-bearers came the bowmen: salted Geese, Mutton Loins, fresh Legs of Pork, and whole Hams. And following them came the knights: Beef-quarters, suckling Pigs and Kids, gamboling and squealing. Then came the squires: many Cream Cheeses that ride and spur dark wines.

A rich train of noblemen came next: Pheasants and proud Peacocks all well garnished, their banners upright, bearing frightful weapons and fierce armor. Their weapons were well wrought, well  tempered and fine: for helmets they wore pots made of pure copper; for shields, cauldrons, pans, and kettles. Certainly the Sardines do not have an army of such value. Many Deer arrived, and the great Wild Boar who said: "Sir, you must not leave me out of this battle, because I have already set to many times with Ali." I am accustomed to fighting and have always been good at it.

The Boar had hardly finished speaking when the Deer came, very swiftly. "Sir, I, your loyal servant, salute you," he said. "Am I not a hermit in order to serve you?"

The Hare came, very willing, to the muster. "Sir," she said, "I will bring a fever on that Lady; I will bring on the itch and the boils, so that she will not even remember the fight. She will want to have my skin when one of them breaks out on her."

Then came the Wild Ram, accompanied be Roe-deer and Doves, flaunting his courage and hurling about threats. "My Lord," said he, "if you throw the Lady at me, she will do you no harm for all her fish bones."

Slow and plodding, the old, loyal Ox arrived. "Sir," he said. "I am good only for pasture or the plough; I am not fit to battle on the road or in the field. But I can serve you with my meat and my hide."

Sir Bacon came in a full pot with many a Corned Beef, Rib and Pork Loin. They were all ready for the fierce battle. But the Lady knew her trade and did not show up too soon.

Since Sir Carnival is a very wealthy emperor and had lordly power over the world, the birds and animals came very humbly, but with great fear. Sir Carnival was sitting majestically at a full table on a noble dais, with jesters before him as befits a great man. A lavish feast was set before him. At his foot knelt the humble standard-bearer, one hand on the wine barrel, playing away at his trumpet. The Wine, as sergeant-at-arms, was speaking for all of them. At nightfall, long after they had all filled their bellies at the feast, they said "Goodnight" and comfortably went to sleep to rest for the battle with the Lady.

That night, the Roosters were filled with fear and kept a frightened vigil without once closing their eyes. But that is not strange, since they had lost their wives. Every noise they heard made them jump with fright.

It was midnight when the Lady Lent marched into the middle of the hall and cried, "God be our strength!" The Roosters screamed and flapped their wings, and the evil tidings reached Sir Carnival. But that good man had eaten his fill of wine at the feast, and now he was groggy with sleep. The racket was heard throughout the whole camp. Drowsy, they all stumbled to the battle, mustering their troops, and no one dared to complain. The host from the sea wielded their weapons and the two armies crashed against each other crying, "Ea!"

First to wound Sir Carnival was white-necked Leek, hurting him so badly that he spat phlegm, a fearful omen. Lady Lent thought the camp was hers. Salty Sardine came in to help and wounded fat Hen by throwing herself into her bill and choking her, and then she cracked Sir Carnival’s helmet. Great Dogfish charged the front line, while the Clams and the Cuttlefish guarded the flanks. The fighting was chaotic and confused, and many good heads were split open.

From the coast of Valencia came the Eels, marinated and cured, in large crowds; they struck Sir Carnival in mid-chest, while Trout from Alberche hit him in the jaw. Tuna fought like a fierce lion; he rushed Sir Lard and hurled insults, and if it had not been for Corned Beef, who warded off the lance, Tuna would have wounded Sir Lard through the heart. From the region of Bayona came many Sharks, killing the Partridges and castrating the Capons; from the river Henares came the Shrimp, who pitched their tents as far as the Guadalquivir. Barbels and other fish fought against wild Ducks, and Merluce cried to Pig, "Where are you? Why don't you come out? Just show yourself and you'll get what you deserve. Go lock yourself in the mosque, but don't go near a church."

Catfish added to the rout, with his tough skin barbed with hooks; he ripped into Legs and Loins, clawing them as if he were a cat. Strange groups of odd sizes rushed up from the sea, the ocean, the lakes, armed with fierce bows and crossbows. It was a worse rout than that at Alarcos. Red Lobsters flocked from Santander, emptying their heavy quivers and making Sir Carnival pay heavily. The spacious meadows were becoming too small for him.

Because the year of jubilee had been proclaimed and all were anxious to save their souls, all the creatures of the sea hurried to the joust. Herrings and Sea Breams came from Bermeo; Whale went about with a large corps of fighters, wounding and killing the carnal hosts. The valiant Shad slew the Doves and Dolphin shattered old Ox's teeth. Shad and Dace and noble Lamprey came from Seville and Alcantara to get the share. Everyone sharpened his weapons on Sir Carnival, and in vain did he try to loosen his belt.

Dogfish, a tough ruffian, went about madly, brandishing a mace slung from a belt, with which he banged Pig and Suckling in mid-forehead, and then ordered them salted down in Villenchon salt. Squid showed the Peacocks no quarter, nor allowed the Pheasants to fly away; the Kids and the Deer he tried to strangle. With his many arms, he can fight many opponents. There too, were Oysters battling against Rabbits, and harsh Crabs jousting with Hare. On both sides such tremendous blows were dealt that the ditches were running with blood and scales. Conger Eel, Count of Laredo, marinated and fresh, fought fiercely and wrought havoc on Sir Carnival, bearing down very hard on him. Sir Carnival was in despair, finding no comfort anywhere. Rallying his courage, he hoisted the spear; with renewed vigor, he turned against Salmon, who had just come up from Castro de Urdiales. That knight stood his ground, without flinching from the battle. They fought hard and long, and exchanged many wounds. Had Sir Carnival been left alone, he might have finished off Salmon, but giant Whale came at him, embraced him, and threw him down on the sand.

Most of Sir Carnival's army had perished; those who could had fled. Even so, afoot, he tried desperately to defend himself with his weak hands. Seeing the host decimated, Wild Boar and Deer fled into the mountains, and then most of the other animals abandoned him there, while those who remained were more dead than alive. Except for Corned Beef and fat Sir Lard, who had turned pale and looked like a corpse and could not fight without a bumper of wine, so fat was he, Sir Carnival was alone, beaten down and surrounded. The sea-host regrouped, then spurred forward and rushed him. But in their pity not wishing to kill him, they tied him and his followers up and brought them bound and under heavy guard before Lady Lent.

Lady Lent ordered that Sir Carnival be imprisoned. As for Lady Corned Beef and Sir Lard, she sentenced them to be hanged as high as sentries in a watchtower, and gave solemn command that no one should cut them down. They were hanged from a beech wood beam, while the executioner intoned, "This is the just punishment for their deeds."

Lady Lent set Fast to guard Sir Carnival and be his jailer, with orders that no one be allowed to see him, except the confessor if he fell ill, and that he should have only one meal a day.


Ruiz, Juan. The Book of Good Love. Translated by Mario D. Di Cesare, Mignani, Rigo. State University of New York Press, 1970.

Wednesday, February 27, 2019

Something weird

I Don't Mean 'I Before E Except After C'

Ever come up with wording for a scroll that you feel kinda guilty about writing down. Not evil. Not mean. Not insulting. But something that will make the herald hate you for making them read it out loud. Like slipping in a really bad pun. Or a tongue twister. Or using language that you know will make the herald laugh while they are reading it.

I bring this up 'cause I made a scroll from an unusual inhabited initial..... No. Oh, god no! Not the cannibal depicted above. I have a humorous streak but I wouldn't use a cannibal on an award scroll. Maybe a tourney scroll.... No, better not.

Where was I?

Oh, yes. I made a scroll with an unusual initial with an idea for certain words to go along with it. Unfortunately, as an award scroll, it would be for a very limited set of people. Like, if you were to make a scroll depicting period ice skating; how many people could you use it for so that it would be relevant? But, I was handed a last minute scroll assignment and my mind added up 2 and 2 and got blueberry pie as the answer. So, I took my idea for funny wording for an unknown award for an unknown person and turned it into a tourney scroll and cranked up the wording to 11.

I won't post it here: I want it to be a surprise. See y'all at that event that you might be at.

By the way: don't put a cannibal on an award scroll.

Tuesday, January 1, 2019

Happy New Year

In two years at the same time.

In 1895, Mark Twain was aboard the SS Warrimoo, traveling around the world on a speaking tour. In his essay, "Following the Equator" he describes the following:

While we were crossing the 180th meridian {the International Date Line} it was Sunday in the stern of the ship where my family were, and Tuesday in the bow where I was. They were there eating the half of a fresh apple on the 8th, and I was at the same time eating the other half of it on the 10th - and I could notice how stale it was, already. The family were the same age that they were when I had left them five minutes before, but I was a day older now than I was then. The day they were living in stretched behind them half way round the globe, across the Pacific Ocean and America and Europe; the day I was living in stretched in front of me around the other half to meet it.
Along about the moment that we were crossing the Great Meridian a child was born in the steerage, and now there is no way to tell which day it was born on. The nurse thinks it was Sunday, the surgeon thinks it was Tuesday. The child will never know its own birthday. It will always be choosing first one and then the other, and will never be able to make up its mind permanently. This will breed vacillation and uncertainty in its opinions about religion, and politics, and business, and sweethearts, and everything, and will undermine its principles, and rot them away, and make the poor thing characterless, and its success in life impossible.

Mark Twain also described how a "rich brewer" on board had promised to give $10,000 to the family if the baby arrived on the rich man's birthday. "The doctor thought he was born on Tuesday and the nurse thought he was born on Sunday. Monday, the day that dropped from the calendar, was the brewer's birthday. One needn't check the records to suspect that the story is too implausible to be true." [Cooper, p71]

Four years later, Captain John Phillips was approaching the intersection of the Equator and the International Date Line on December 30th. As reported in Ships of Australia and New Zealand:

The passenger steamer SS Warrimoo was quietly knifing its way through the waters of the mid-Pacific on its way from Vancouver to Australia. The navigator had just finished working out a star fix and brought the master, Captain John Phillips, the result. The Warrimoo's position was latitude 0 degrees x 31 minutes north and longitude 179 degrees x 30 minutes west.
The date was 30 December 1899. Know what this means? First Mate Payton broke in, we're only a few miles from the intersection of the Equator and the International Date Line.
Captain Phillips was prankish enough to take full advantage of the opportunity for achieving the navigational freak of a lifetime. He called his navigators to the bridge to check and double check the ships position. He changed course slightly so as to bear directly on his mark. Then he adjusted the engine speed. The calm weather and clear night worked in his favour. At midnight the Warrimoo lay on the Equator at exactly the point where it crossed the International Date Line!
The consequences of this bizarre position were many. The forward part of the ship was in the Southern Hemisphere and the middle of summer. The stern was in the Northern Hemisphere and in the middle of winter. The date in the aft part of the ship was 31 December 1899. Forward it was 1 January 1900.
This ship was therefore not only in two different days, two different months, two different seasons and two different years - all at the same time.

Sources:


Cooper, Robert. Around the World with Mark Twain. Arcade Publishing, 2000. p90-1.

Euller, John. Ships and the Sea. "A freak of navigation". Vol 3. p. 18. September 1953.

The Ottawa Journal (Ottawa, Ontario, Canada). "In Two Places, at One Time" 13 May 1942, Wed: Page 8.

Passenger Ships of Australia and New Zealand Volume 1. Crossed Flags (World Ship Society). 1964

The Sydney Morning Herald. (Sydney, New South Wales, Australia). "Arrival of the H.M.S. Warrimoo" 10 Jan 1900, Wed: Page 8.

Wednesday, September 19, 2018

I Have an Idea

Not a good one, I will admit.

This is from the 14th century, Dutch manuscript Der naturen bloeme. I have no clue what is being depicted. It would make a nice scroll for Heronter, though.

I totally want to replace the birds with Big Bird.


Saturday, August 5, 2017

Tutankhamun's Folding Camp Bed

Nothing new is original.

3,300 years ago, King Tutankhamun died and was entombed in what can be called one of the most important discoveries of the 20th century. A crypt filled with ancient artifacts that are still beyond imagination. "Tut" was sent to his afterlife with so many items that they are still being studied and examined to this day.

This week, the web site LiveScience reported that researchers at Musashino University in Tokyo released information about a folding camp bed, the only one known to have survived to modern day. Made of a wooden frame, bronze hinges, copper-alloy support drums and a linen mat, this bed would not look out of place at Pennsic, today.


However, given the elaborate shape of the legs, folding up the bed was tricky. To solve the problem, the ancient artisans devised some ingenious hinges and placed them over the four auxiliary legs.
"In this way, the legs took the strain off the hinges," when the bed was in use, Nishimoto said.
The complex folding system required two different types of hinges: Single hinges with stoppers were used on the middle and end pairs of legs near the footboard, while a system of double hinges was designed for the foremost pair of the auxiliary legs.
"The double-hinged legs could be turned inwards simultaneously when the bed was folded," Nishimoto said.


The strange thing about this bed is how normal it is: no gold, no engravings, no paint. And the feet look very crude for something to be used for a Pharaoh.


It could be that the bed wasn't finished by the time the tomb was to be sealed. But, why was it made for a dead man? Tut was entombed with a number of gilded beds and certainly didn't need a folding camp bed.

There is a theory that Tut's tomb, and the items stuffed into it,  weren't intended for Tut. Tutankhamun either died unexpectedly (due to malaria, Kohler disease, an infection or complications due to a chariot accident) or expectedly (through assassination). In any case, the theory goes, Tut's Grand Vizier Ay, who seceded Tut as Pharaoh Kheperkheperure, "donated" his tomb and burial offering to Tutankhamun, with the intention of completing  Tut's grand tomb for himself.



This kind of makes sense. As grand and magnificent as the burial items are, they are kind of random and were stacked haphazardly into a relatively small space. Many of the items don't appear to be of the quality intended for a pharaoh. Even his famous death mask appears to have been originally intended for his mother, Nefertiti. (The beard was added as an afterthought, the ears are depicted as pierced, and Tutankhamun's name is inscribed over Nefertiti's). The camp bed might have been originally made for Ay, but then stuffed into Tut's tomb with the intention that if the now King Ay needed a bed for when he traveled, he would have a magnificent traveling bed made for himself.



The question as to whether the camp bed was made for Tutankhamun or for Ay will be debated for years. But we can certainly enjoy the ingenuity of whomever designed and built the bed. I wish that my wood working skills were better; I would love to see a copy of this bed built.

Friday, July 7, 2017

Cats in heraldry

How like a cat: sitting where ever they wish.


This is a coat of arms from the 15th century Scheibler Armorial. I love the way the cat was drawn at the top of the image. "Oh, look," it appears to be saying, "Someplace nice to sit. I'm not inconveniencing you, am I?"

Thursday, May 25, 2017

I can relate

I found this image online.


I completely relate to these long-gone scribes. I am not a professional scribe/illuminator: I can stop any time I want.... 

That's not a cry for help or an intervention, I mean that literally: I can stop working on scrolls anytime I want and do anything else. Play a video game; go eat food; run an errand; hang our with friends. I can only imagine working day after day, from sun up to sun down, hunched over parchment drawing and painting page after page.

So, my fellow scribes, raise a glass for our scribal ancestors and rejoice in the fact that we do it for fun.

Thursday, February 23, 2017

The Yo-Yo Is Older Than You Think

Its History Has Its Ups and Downs.

Attic Kylix

The yo-yo can be dated to ancient Greece to the 6th century BCE. The Attic kylix, ca. 440 BC, now residing at the Antikensammlung in Berlin (F 2549), shows a boy playing with a yo-yo. The toys were made out of wood, metal, and terra cotta and some were painted. Due to the nature of the materials, very few have survived.


Archaeological Museum of Schematari
Terra cotta can be smashed. Wood can rot and metal can be melted down for other purposes. The few examples that have survived show the skill and craft of the design and the artwork.

National Archaeological Museum, Athens

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Fletcher Fund, 1928 (28.167)


Saturday, December 17, 2016

Speech Bubbles

Speech Bubbles

Figure 1

Nothing new is new. If you think that speech bubbles are a modern invention of the comic book industry, please think again. The concept of linking text with a figure via a line or a ribbon dates back centuries. The oldest that I know of was found in Pompeii.

    On Pompeian [wall painting], arranged in adjacent panels, like a comic strip and accompanied by speech 'bubbles' in colloquial Latin, appears to tell the story of a couple of young men having a night out; they are shown first meeting, then being served by a barmaid, then tossing dice at a table, finally quarreling and being turned out by the landlord. [Ling, p163] [see figure 2]



Figure 2

But, early examples, such as the one from Pompeii, just have text floating around the images. A medieval invention was to link the text to a person by several methods.

figure 3


1) Free Floating Text.

Improving on the classical Roman method of graffiti like text, medieval scribes modified the text so that it appeared to flow out of the speaker's mouth. They also used different colors to denote individual speakers. Figures 4, 5 and 6 are examples from the same source of this method. Notice how the scribe used red and black to denote speakers. And in figure 4, you can see that the text is arraigned in an order so that the conversion can be followed.

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6
figure 7


2) Lines

Simple lines were used to connect the text bubble with the speaker. This was the beginning of the text style that we are used to, today. Figure 8 is the only clear image I could find of this style.

Figure 8
The art historian Lucy Freeman Sandler has devoted considerable attention to this scene (a transcription and literal translation is found in this publication). Using her work, while rewording her literal translation, the following conversation may be overheard:
The figure on the left starts, with a strange mantra: “They die because of heat, they die because of heat.” Then the two young people on his right speak, probably addressing their father [according to Sandler], who is walking behind them: “Sir, we die of cold!” The father, carrying a heavy toddler, orders them to stop whining: “Behold your little brother in front of us, he is only wearing a hood.” (He is right, because he is otherwise naked.) Then the toddler speaks, uttering universal toddler sounds: “Wa we”. Finally the two children in the back come into play. “Sir, I am carrying too much weight,” says the one on the left. The one on the right closes the conversation by comparing his own misery to that of his brother and father, stating “It is not they who carry the heaviest burden.” [
Kwakkel]

3) Banderole

The final aspect was a method of condensing the spoken word and combining it with a method that not only portrays the speaker, but enhances the artwork at the same time. Visually, the banderole was used to not only give words to a figure, but for the figure to physically claim those words: the figure pointing to, or even grabbing, the words [figure 9].

figure 9

This method of speech bubble was used up until the 19th century.
figure 10

figure 11
In figure 11, a man is repeating the words whispered into his ear by a devil on his left shoulder, "Non est deus" ("There is no god"). The man is holding onto his words, claiming them as his own. Perhaps so that they do not escape.

figure 12

Banderoles were often used with images of old testament prophets to distinguish them from the book writing evangelists. It might have been a metaphor as the old testament, like the Torah, was written out as a scroll, while the new testament was written in book form. It is worth noting that the use of banderoles were not restricted to religious figures. 


===================

Beard, Mary. SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome 1st Edition. Home Ancient History & Civilisation 

Ling, Roger. Roman Painting. Cambridge University Press, Mar 7, 1991

Majkut, Paul. Smallest Mimes. Defaced Representation and Media Epistemology. Zeta Books, May 20, 2014

Kukkonen, Karin. Studying Comics and Graphic Novels.  John Wiley & Sons, Jun 28, 2013

Kwakkel, Erik. Medieval Speech Bubbles. January 23, 2015. https://medievalbooks.nl/2015/01/23/medieval-speech-bubbles/

Saenger, Paul. Space Between Words: The Origins of Silent Reading. Stanford University Press, 1987


fig 1 - Genesis 25 - Birth of Esau and Jacob as an example of twin’s fate against the arguments of astrology by Francois Maitre c1475-1480

fig 2 - A brawl in a bar over a game of dice. In this nineteenth-century copy of some of the paintings from the Bar of Salvius in Pompeii, the argument starts in the left–hand panel. ‘Exsi’ shouts one of the players, ‘I’ve won, I’m out’, while his opponent disputes the throw. In the next scene, the landlord, on the right, is not only telling them to get out, but man-handling them towards the door.. Beard p.79

fig 3 - The Guthlac Roll

fig 4 - Breviculum ex artibus Raimundi Lulli electum - St. Peter perg. 92 11v

fig 5 - Breviculum ex artibus Raimundi Lulli electum - St. Peter perg. 92 8r

fig 6 - Breviculum ex artibus Raimundi Lulli electum - St. Peter perg. 92 12r

fig 7 - Gorleston Psalter, British Library, Additional 49622, fol. 190v

fig 8 - British Library, Stowe MS 49, fol. 122r

fig 9 - Bibliothèque nationale de France, lat. 11978 

fig 10 - A Masonic Anecdote, 18th century, from Wikipedia

fig 11 - Angeles, Getty Museum, MS 66

fig 12 - The Queen Mary Psalter

Tuesday, December 13, 2016

Bodleian Libraries Coloring Book

The Bodleian Libraries now has a coloring book


Do you need something to color? Either for you or an offspring. Are you looking for ideas for a scroll? Well, the Bodleian Libraries have you colored. Please visit http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/197453/2016-Colouring-Book.pdf for a free download.






Monday, November 28, 2016

Everyone aboard the spice train

The Spice Must Flow


This is another example of why I wish I had more talent so that I could make one of these. This is a spice cellar currently in the possession of The Walters Art Museum (54.2501) and dates to around 1400.

This spice cellar, made to hold precious seasonings at the table, is of a typical northern European design. Major trade commodities in ancient and medieval times, salt and other spices were used both to preserve meat and to enhance the flavor of all types of food (often not very fresh). Some spices came from Asia and were very expensive. This whimsical container, in the form of a little ship on wheels, could be rolled from one guest to another.
This could have held salt in one half of the ship and ground pepper in the other half. This most likely was not made for major royalty, the details from the Museum does not list a maker or an original owner, but it appears to me that this spice cellar was not as valuable as some of the spices that it might have once held (again, the Museum does not indicate if any traces of spices were found in it during its two cleanings). The cellar is made of bronze and it very nicely made, but it is not on the high end of such items that have survived.

Certainly this was made for someone with wealth, most likely someone in the top 2% of society, but it doesn't appear as fancy as what was commissioned by the top rung of wealth. A cellar, such as this, and the spices to put into it, would have been out of the reach of most of the 15th century, European inhabitants. But if this was the Jaguar of spice cellars, let me show you an example of a custom made Bently:



This is one of the finest examples of Baroque metalworking in the world. This is a solid gold salt cellar, on a base of ebony, sitting on ivory bearing, made by Benvenuto Cellini in 1543 for France's Fancois I and it is a masterpiece. See this link for physical details and this one for pictures of it. It depicts "Terra e Mare": The god of the sea and the goddess of the earth. Next to the god, on the back of this image, is a goblet to hold salt (from the sea) and a hidden compartment in the temple, next to the goddess, held pepper (from the earth). 

We might never know who owned the little, bronze, wheeled ship, or who made it, but I think I can say that it wasn't a king. Or a doge, or a pope, or a cardinal, or a prince. It might have been for a baron, or a wealthy knight. Perhaps an abbess from a small abbey. Someone with enough wealth to show off, but not enough to afford gold.

Also, these salt cellars, or spice cellars, weren't just about the cellar; they were about the salt and the spices that they held. I find it most amusing that we take for granted perfectly uniform, bright white salt crystals and pay extra for "impure" salts because we like their colors: pink salt from the Himalayas; red and black from Hawaii; blue from Persia; gray from France. When these two cellars were made, white salt was prized above all else and reserved for the tables of the most important (i.e.: wealthiest) people. Colored salt was filled with impurities that were fine for the lower classes, but the upper crust? Never. Salt cellars, or nefs, were a way of showing off one's wealth. Not only does it show that you can afford the best salt, but you can afford a tchotchke to put it in. If it was on wheels, even better. If it had hidden compartments, bonus.


Tuesday, November 22, 2016

The Female Highway Hector

Highway Robbery


This is a broadsheet from 1690, currently held by the National Library of Scotland (Shelfmark: Crawford.EB.1398)

A Hector, according to the OED is "Late Middle English: from the Trojan warrior Hector. Originally denoting a hero, the sense later became ‘braggart or bully’ (applied in the late 17th century to a member of a gang of London youths), hence ‘talk to in a bullying way’."

The Female Highway Hector: an account of a woman who was lately arragn'd for robbing on the high-way in man's apparel: Containing, A  Relation of feveral notes Exploits which she  perform'd in that bold Undertaking.

To an excellent new Tune called The Rant.

You Gallants of every Station,
     give ear to a Frollicksome Song;
The like was ne'er seen in the Nation,
  'twas done by a Female so young.

She bought her a Mare and a Bridle,
     a Saddle, and Pistols also,
She resolved she would not be idle,
     for upon the Pad she did go. [1]

She Cloathed herself in great Splendor,
     for Breeches and Sword she had on,
Her Body appear'd very slender;
     she show'd like a pretty Young-man.

And then like a Padder so witty, [2]
     she mounted with speed on her Mare;
She left all her Friends in the City,
     and steered her Course towards Ware.

The first that she met was a Grocer [3]
     was walking with Cane in his Hand,
She soon to the Spark came up closer, [4]
     and boldly she bid him to stand.

She took from him but a Guinea, [5]
     and then met a Taylor with Shears, [6]
And because the poor Rogue had no Money,
     she genteely clipt off his Ears.

The next that she met was a Tanner.
     for loss of his money he cry'd,
And because he bauld in this manner, [7]
     she handsomely tanned his Hide.

She rode about seven-miles farther,
     and then a Stage-Coach she did Rob;
The Passengers all cry'd out Murther: [8]
     but this was a Fifty-pound Jobb.

And then she robb'd a Welsh Miller,
     she fac'd him and gave him the Word:
Hur splutter'd, and swore hur would kill hur, [9]
     if that hur had got but hur Sword.

And then she came up with a Quaker,
     she told him, she must have his Coin:
Quoth he, Thou silly Wise-acre
     thou shalt have no Money of mine.

She show'd him a Pistol to prove him;
     he told her by Yea and by Nay,
That since the good Spirit did move him,
     she might take his Money away.

An Excise-man, she then next accoasted [10]
     and bid him Deliver with speed;
He often of Valour had boasted,
     but he was a Coward indeed.

She Rifled him then of his Money;
     oh! this was a very rich Prize,
She took from him Four-score Guineys,
     which he had receiv'd for Excise.

The next that she met was a Padder,
     well mounted upon a bay a Nag;
Oh! this made her so much the gladder,
     she told him she wanted a bag.

He thought she would certainly fight him,
     prepared himself out of hand:
And she was resolved to fright him,
     she damn'd him, and bid him to stand.

He presently drew out his Rapier
     and bid her to stand on her guard;
But quickly away she did Caper.
     the High-way-man, follow'd her hard.

He follow'd and soon overtook her,
     and searched her Breeches with speed;
And as he did well overlook her,
     he found her a Woman indeed!

The High-way-man stood all amazed;
     but she had no cause to complain.
Tho' with her he did what he pleased,
     he gave her the Money again.
     
Printed for C. Bates at the White Hart in West-Smithfield. 

Notes pertain to the 17th century.
[1] Pad - Slang term for robbery along a foot pad, or open road.
[2] Padder - Short for Rum-Padder: A highwayman; especially a well-equipped one. 
[3] Grocer - a trader in dry goods, particularly spices.
[4] Spark - Perhaps referring to a torch or a lantern. 
[5] Guinea - Coin of approximately one quarter ounce of gold or 20 shillings.
[6] Taylor - Tailor. 
[7] Bauld - Bawled, cried like a child.
[8] Murther - an archaic word for murder.
[9] This is probably making fun of a Welsh accent.
[10] Excise-man - a government agent whose function was to collect excise (import, export, transportation taxes) and prevent smuggling.

Wednesday, November 16, 2016

Japanese armor makers are awesome

Does my helm bug you?


Japan, Dragonfly-shaped helmet, 17th century, iron, lacquer, wood, leather, gilt pigments, silk, papier-mâché. The James Ford Bell Foundation Endowment for Art Acquisition and gift of funds from Siri and Bob Marshal, 2012.31.1a-c
The Minneapolis Institute of Arts acquired this beautifully crafted helm a few years ago. The design was to help the samurai wearing it stand out on the battle field. The helmet is iron with lacquered papier-mâché over a wooden framework. The wings are made of wood.

I wish that I had the skill to make something like this.

Friday, November 11, 2016

Complaint about delivery of the wrong grade of copper.

Immortality by any means.


The British Museum has a 3700+ year old clay tablet that is the world's oldest complaint letter. Found in the ruins of Ur, in 1953, it has survived intact and relates a complaint from Nanni to Ea-nasir about inferior copper. Ea-nasir will live forever as a cheat and a bad businessman. References around the Internet tell that Ea-nasir had a room with multiple such complaints, although I was unable to find credible confirmation of other tablets.

The text of the tablet is as follows:

    Tell Ea-nasir: Nanni sends the following message: 
When you came, you said to me as follows : "I will give Gimil-Sin (when he comes) fine quality copper ingots." You left then but you did not do what you promised me. You put ingots which were not good before my messenger (Sit-Sin) and said: "If you want to take them, take them; if you do not want to take them, go away!" 
    What do you take me for, that you treat somebody like me with such contempt? I have sent as messengers gentlemen like ourselves to collect the bag with my money (deposited with you) but you have treated me with contempt by sending them back to me empty-handed several times, and that through enemy territory. Is there anyone among the merchants who trade with Telmun who has treated me in this way? You alone treat my messenger with contempt! On account of that one (trifling) mina of silver which I owe(?) you, you feel free to speak in such a way, while I have given to the palace on your behalf 1,080 pounds of copper, and umi-abum has likewise given 1,080 pounds of copper, apart from what we both have had written on a sealed tablet to be kept in the temple of Samas. 
    How have you treated me for that copper? You have withheld my money bag from me in enemy territory; it is now up to you to restore (my money) to me in full. 
    Take cognizance that (from now on) I will not accept here any copper from you that is not of fine quality. I shall (from now on) select and take the ingots individually in my own yard, and I shall exercise against you my right of rejection because you have treated me with contempt.
-Letters from Mesopotamia : Official, Business and Private Letters on Clay Tablets from Two Millennia " by A. Leo Oppenheim. p82-3

I find it interesting that most history books only deal with big events: wars and battles; coronations and despoilments; floods and famine. Real history can be just as much about the tiny details as the great ones. This complaint letter would not be out of place on the product comments on Amazon, or in the letters to the editor in a newspaper. Historians tend to lose sight of the fact that people in antiquity were just as much human as ourselves: not statistics but living, breathing people with hopes, desires and the will to complain about the same crap that we do, today.



Monday, November 7, 2016

The Greatest Curse in the English Language

The Excommunication of Common Traitors, Reavers and Thieves


In 1525, the Archbishop of Glasgow, Gavin Dunbar, issued one of the best curses ever uttered in the English language. The curse was directed towards the large numbers of robbers and highwaymen causing havoc on the border of England and Scotland. The curse was part of the mass excommunication performed by the Archbishop.

"It was during this period of weakness, almost of total moral collapse, that the Archbishop of Glasgow took it upon him to excommunicate the Border thieves. Had the same vigorous measure been adopted at an earlier period, the result might have been more favorable. As it was, the launching of this ecclesiastical thunderbolt really created more amusement than consternation. It was regarded simply as the growl of a toothless lion. In no circumstances were the Border reivers easily intimidated. Their calling had made them more or less indifferent to the claims of Church and State. They had never had much affection for the king, and they had, perhaps, still less for the priest. Having shaken themselves free, to a large extent at least, from the control of the State, they were not prepared to put their neck under the yoke of an ecclesiastical authority which even the best men of the age had ceased to venerate. But the Archbishop felt that he had a duty to discharge, and he applied himself to the task with commendable vigour. The curse was ordered to be read from every pulpit in the diocese and be circulated throughout the length and breadth of the Borders.
- Robert Borland, minister of Yarrow. Border Raids and Reivers. Dalbeattie: Thomas Fraser 1898 

In modern English, the curse is as follows:

    Good folks, here at my Lord Archbishop of Glasgow’s letters under his round seal, direct to me or any other chaplain, making mention, with great regret, how heavy he bears the piteous, lamentable, and dolorous complaint that passes all of our realm and comes to his ears, by open voice and fame, how our sovereign lords true lieges, men, wives and children, both and redeemed by the precious blood of our Savior Jesus Christ, and living in his laws, are innocently part murdered, part slain, burnt, harried, spoiled and robbed, openly on day light and under silence of the night, and their farms and lands laid waste, and they are self banish therefore, as well church lands as others, by common traitors, reavers, thieves, dwelling in the south part of this realm, such as Teviotdale, Eskdale, Liddiesdale, Ewesdale, Nithsdale, and Annandale; which has been diverse ways pursued and punished by the temporal sword and our Sovereign Lords authority, and dreads not the same.

    And therefore my said Lord Archbishop of Glasgow has thought expedient to strike them with the terrible sword of holy church, which they may not long endure and resist; and has charged me, or any other chaplain, to denounce, declare and proclaim them openly and generally cursed, at this market cross, and all other public places.

    Herefore through the authority of Almighty God, the Father of heaven, his Son, our Savior, Jesus Christ, and of the Holy ghost; through the authority of the Blessed Virgin Saint Mary, Saint Michael, Saint Gabriel, and all his angels; Saint John the Baptist, and all the holy patriarchs and prophets; Saint Peter, Saint Paul, Saint Andrew, and all holy apostles; Saint Stephen, Saint Laurence, and all holy martyrs; Saint Gile, Saint Martin, and all holy confessors; Saint Anne, Saint Katherine, and all holy virgins and matrons; and all the saints and holy company of heaven; by the authority of our Holy Father the Pope and his cardinals, and of my said Lord Archbishop of Glasgow, with the advice and assistance of my lords, archbishop, bishops, abbots, priors, and other prelates and ministers of the holy church, I DENOUNCE, PROCLAIMS, AND DECLARES all and sundry the committers of the said of innocents murders, slaughters, burning, inheritances, robbery, thefts, and spoilings, openly upon day light and under silence of night, as well as within temporal lands as church lands; together with their part takers, assisters, suppliers, knowingly and of their persons, the goods snatched and stolen by them, art or part thereof, and their counselors and defenders, of their evil deeds generally cursed, waking, aggravated, and re-aggravated, with the great cursing.

    I CURSE their head and all the hairs of their head; I CURSE their face, their eyes, their mouth, their nose, their tongue, their teeth, their skull, their shoulders, their breast, their heart, their stomach, their back, their womb, their arms, their legs, their hands, their feet, and every part of their body, from the top of their head to the sole of their feet, before and behind, within and without. I CURSE them going, and I CURSE them riding; I CURSE them standing, and I CURSE them sitting; I CURSE them eating, I CURSE them drinking; I CURSE them walking, I CURSE them sleeping; I CURSE them rising, I CURSE them lying; I CURSE them at home, I CURSE them from home; I CURSE them within the house, I CURSE them without the house; I CURSE their wives, their children and their servants who participate with them in their deeds. I Worry their corn, their cattle, their wool, their sheep, their horse, their swine, their geese, their hens, and all their animals. I Worry their houses, their rooms, their kitchens, their stables, their barns, their byres, their barnyards, their cabbage patches, their plows, their harrows, and the possessions and houses that are necessary for their sustentation and welfare. All the bad wishes and curses that ever got worldly creature since the beginning of the world to this hour might light upon them. The malediction of God, that lighted upon Lucifer and all his fellows, that struck them from the high heaven to the deep hell, might light upon them. The fire and the sword that stopped Adam from the gates of Paradise might stop them from the glory of Heaven, until they forbear and make amends. The bad wishes that lighted on cursed Cain, when he slew his brother just Abel guiltless, might light on them for the innocent slaughter that they commit daily. The malediction that lighted upon all the world, man and beast, and all that ever took life, when all were drowned by the flood of Noah, except Noah and his ark, might light upon them and drown them, man and beast, and make this realm free of them for their wicked sins. The thunder and lightning that set down as rain upon the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah, with all the lands about, and burnt them for their vile sins, might rain upon them, and burn them for open sins. The bad wishes and confusion that lighted on the Gigantis for their oppression and pride, building the tower of Babylon, might confound them and all their works, for their open disregard and oppression. All the plagues that fell upon Pharaoh and his people of Egypt, their lands, corn and cattle, might fall upon them, their land, rooms and buildings, corn and animals. The river of Tweed and other rivers where they ride might drown them, as the Red Sea drowned King Pharaoh and his people of Egypt, pursuing Gods people of Israel. The earth might open, split and cleave and swallow them alive to hell, as it swallowed cursed Dathan and Abiron, that disobeyed Moses and command of God. The wild fire that burnt Thore and his fellows to the number of two hundredth and fifty, and others 14,000 and 700 at anys, usurping against Moses and Aaron, servants of God, might suddenly burn and consume them daily disobeyed and commands of God and holy church. 

    The malediction that lights suddenly upon fair Absolom, riding contrary to his father, King David, servant of God, through the wood, when the branches of a tree knocked him off his horse and hanged him by the hair, might light upon them, untrue Scots men, and hang them suchlike that all the world may see. The malediction that lighted upon Olifernus, lieutenant to Nebuchadnezzar’s, making war and hardships upon true Christian men; the malediction that lighted upon Judas, Pilot, Herod and the Jews that crucified Our Lord, and all the plagues and troubles that lighted on the city of Jerusalem therefore, and upon Simon Magus for his treachery, bloody Nero, cursed Ditius Magcensius, Olibrius, Julianus, Apostita and the rest of the cruel tyrants that slew and murdered Christ’s holy servants, might light upon them for their cruel tyranny and martyrdom of Christian people. And all the vengeance that ever was taken since the world began for open sins, and all the plagues and pestilence that ever fell on man or beast, might fall on them for their open evil, slaughter of guiltless and shedding of innocent blood. I SEVER and PARTS them from the kirk of God, and deliver them alive to the devil of hell, as the Apostol Saint Paul delivered Corinth. I exclude the places they come in for divine service, ministration of the sacraments of holy church, except the sacrament of baptizing only; and forbid all churchmen to take confession or absolve them of their sins, which they be first absolved of this cursing. I FORBID all Christian man or woman to have any company with them, eating, drinking, speaking, praying, lying, standing, or in any other deed doing, under the pain of deadly sin. I DISCHARGE all bonds, acts, contracts, oaths and obligations made to them by any persons, other of law, kindness or duty, so long as they sustain this cursing; so that no man be bound to them, and that they be bound to all men. I Take from them and cry down all the good deeds that ever they did or shall do, which they rise from this cursing. I DECLARE them excluded of all matins, masses, evensongs, mourning or other prayers, on book or bead; of all pilgrimages and poorhouse deeds done or to be done in holy church or by Christian people, enduring this cursing.

    And, finally, I CONDEMN them perpetually to the deep pit of hell, to remain with Lucifer and all his fellows, and their bodies to the gallows of the Burrow Muir, first to be hanged, then torn apart with dogs, swine, and other wild beasts, abominable to all the world. And their life gone from your sight, as might their souls go from the sight of God, and their good fame from the world, which they forbear their open sins aforesaid and rise from this terrible cursing, and make satisfaction and penance. 

In 2001, Gordon Young carved 383 words of the curse into a 7.7 ton rock and the floor of the display has the names of the cursed family names. The display can be found in Carlisle.


------------------------------------------
Elliot Clan Society
The Curse of the Border Clans
by ECS Webmaster on August 26, 2013 in News

The Great Monition of Cursing by Gavin Dunbar, the Archbishop of Glasgow on the border reivers - 1525
Occassional Paper No. 1
by Tam Ward
Biggar Archaeological Group

RESTORATION
BBC.com
July 2003 
The Border Reivers - The Curse

The Telegraph
Archbishop to lift 'evil' curse linked to foot and mouth
By Jonathan Petre12:01AM GMT 04 Nov 2001